Small base station becomes the protagonist of special scene coverage in LTE heterogeneous network

In LTE networking, the macro base station Macro eNB is the main force to provide basic coverage; in key buildings and large buildings, indoor distributed systems (Macro eNB or Pico eNB can be used as the source) to achieve comprehensive coverage; commercial areas can be distributed The base station is mainly used to absorb capacity.

At the same time, heterogeneous networks provide a richer and more diverse means for solving LTE indoor coverage, and are an effective means for solving indoor special scene coverage.

Indoor special scene coverage

Home eNB room sub-solution

Home eNode B generally supports 4 users, with a total throughput of 50 Mbit / s in the downlink and 20 Mbit / s in the uplink. Home eNB can connect to the operator's core network through cable networks such as coaxial cable, Category 5 cable, or optical fiber; plug-and-play, direct deployment, and low deployment cost; it can also be connected to the room sub-system to enhance coverage WLAN; can provide higher capacity coverage in the area.

Applicable scenarios: Home eNB is mainly positioned for indoor coverage in home scenarios, but Home eNB can also be applied to office buildings of small and medium-sized enterprises. Using Home eNB for office building coverage has the advantages of flexible deployment, convenient construction, and low cost.

Pico eNB room sub-solution

The Pico eNB is designed to meet the indoor access of homes and offices, emergency communication in the application scenario where the traffic volume is increasing rapidly, data service coverage, and enterprise-level user market. Pico eNB can support both built-in antennas and distributed antennas, and can be flexibly installed anywhere. Pico eNB can generally support 64 active users, 150 Mbit / s downlink throughput and 75 Mbit / s uplink throughput. Through FFR and X2 interfaces, Pico eNB can access the network very flexibly.

Pico eNB is used to supplement the coverage of LTE macro base stations, providing deep coverage and capacity expansion of the network. Pico eNB can not only be flexibly deployed in hot spots, blind spots, cell edges or even indoor areas according to the requirements of traffic distribution and seamless coverage, but also can cooperate with different forms of base stations such as macro stations, micro cells, and home base stations to achieve Layered networking.

Pico eNB can be deployed with Pico eNB + antennas alone for building coverage, or can be deployed by a combination of BBU + Pico RRU or Macro eNB + Pico RRU to share the capacity of the entire building for Macro eNB, or as a hot spot or blind spot area Supplement. The advantage of the Pico RRU network is that its network capacity is determined by the BBU or Macro eNB. The Pico RRU network can be easily upgraded by upgrading the BBU or Macro eNB. The Pico RRU network can centralize RRU services through P-Bridge and centrally manage RRUs. Pico RRU network can meet the requirements of operators for easy installation, easy upgrade, and centralized management.

Applicable scenarios: It is mainly used for building coverage with relatively large data rate requirements and under medium area. Pico RRU can be deployed separately for building coverage, it can also be used to share the capacity of the entire building for Macro eNB, or as an indoor and outdoor hotspot area , Supplementary coverage of blind spot areas.

Relay indoor coverage solution

Relay relay is to add an intermediate node between the base station and the mobile station, after the signal is amplified or regenerated, and then forwarded to the next node to improve the quality of the transmitted signal and the capacity of the system.

The transmission power of the relay or relay node is less than that of the Macro eNB, and the backhaul is implemented wirelessly, so the deployment of the Relay Node is easier than that of the Macro eNB. Because of this, relays can be used to build LTE networks in areas where it is difficult to achieve wired backhaul. Relay Node can be connected to the host eNodeB (DeNB), which is responsible for establishing the data connection to the core network.

Relay relay deployment is rapid, low cost, flexible frequency configuration, no requirements for backhaul resources, easy to ensure seamless indoor coverage.

Applicable scenarios: Mainly used in scenarios where there is a certain data rate requirement, but there is no wired transmission resources and there is a room sub-system. It is mainly used for LTE signal extension coverage, and can also be used for small-area indoor / outdoor blind blind scenarios.

Heterogeneous network coverage scheme for special scenarios

The LTE stereo networking solution is divided into an overlay layer and a capacity layer. The coverage layer mainly meets the wireless coverage requirements, and is implemented by macro station sites that have site construction conditions and are easy to install and maintain; the capacity layer is mainly under the coverage layer, using macro cells to provide the basic network, targeting hot spots with high service capacity requirements, Use microcells, picocells, and home base stations to increase cell depth coverage, increase network capacity, and improve user perception. Such sites are implemented by base station types such as micro-stations, Pico base stations, and Home base stations, and are installed in locations where site coordination is difficult and deployment is difficult.

According to the three-dimensional networking characteristics of heterogeneous networks, two special scenarios of dense urban areas and urban villages are selected to discuss the overlay networking technology of heterogeneous networks.

Heterogeneous network coverage scheme in dense urban areas

The dense urban area refers to a local area where buildings, shops, and crowds are dense, and the demand for data services is extremely high. LTE coverage in dense urban areas is mainly to increase the network capacity as much as possible, especially the peak user rate of edge users, and improve frequency utilization. In this scenario, the LTE stereo networking is physically based on the principle of layered network coverage. Generally, Macro eNB provides basic coverage, covering streets and small buildings, and Macro eNB and Pico eNB plus distribution systems cover large buildings, and Pico eNB and The Home eNB supplements the coverage of blind spots and hot spots. The Relay station mainly extends the coverage of the Macro eNB to cover streets and basements.

The biggest problem of the three-dimensional network coverage scheme in dense urban areas is the interference coordination between cells. Firstly, plan the location of the macro base station and the cell coverage radius reasonably; secondly, use directional indoor antennas on the edge of the building in the indoor distribution system; again, the deployment of pico base stations and home base stations should make reasonable use of the space barrier of the building to reduce the signal between cells interference.

It is recommended to use soft frequency reuse scheme and power control interference coordination technology. The soft frequency reuse scheme in the heterogeneous network divides all frequency resources into several orthogonal sub-bands. The edge of the macro base station uses part of it, and the remaining resources can be used in the central area of ​​the macro base station. The Pico base station and the home base station within the coverage of the macro base station use frequency resources orthogonal to the edge of the macro base station. The subcarriers at the edges of different macro base stations are orthogonal to each other. The subcarriers at the edges of the macro base station and the Pico base station and the home base station in the coverage are orthogonal to each other, effectively suppressing interference at the cell edge. Soft frequency reuse and power control are used in combination. The subcarriers at the edge of the macro base station use full power transmission, and the other subcarriers reduce power transmission to achieve the purpose of further reducing interference.

Urban Village Heterogeneous Network Coverage Solution

The villages in the city have dense houses and a large population, and the signal loss is large during the propagation process. It is difficult for outdoor macro stations to meet the coverage requirements. The blind spot scene is very common. Urban village wireless coverage usually uses a combination of outdoor macro base stations and outdoor distribution systems, but macro base stations are more difficult to build and the outdoor distribution system has a relatively high construction cost.

For the LTE coverage in the village in the city, in addition to Macro eNB coverage, BBU + Pico RRU or Home eNB can also be used for coverage, using fiber optic or Category 5 cables for networking, eliminating the difficulty of coaxial cable wiring.

In the actual deployment of a village-in-city coverage network, a Macro eNB can be used for overall coverage, and then a Pico eNB, Relay, or Home eNB can be used for blind coverage.

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