Rethinking integrated circuits from the perspective of knowledge platforms
Abstract Semiconductor integrated circuits are digital normalized devices that integrate human knowledge achievements and knowledge behavior capabilities. They have genetic traits and are called knowledge platforms. The basis of the genetic traits of semiconductor integrated circuits is the quantization of the space-time of transistors in the "0" and "1" states. Many characteristics of the knowledge platform can be derived from semiconductor integrated circuits. Through these characteristics, people can deeply understand various economic phenomena, industrial phenomena and social phenomena in the era of knowledge economy.
Key words semiconductor integrated circuit, knowledge platform, knowledge achievement integration, knowledge behavior integration, spatiotemporal quantization
Nowadays, in the fields of IT, computer, and electronic technology, almost all electronic systems are based on semiconductor integrated circuits without exception. People are accustomed to this and have never seriously considered the huge influence of semiconductor integrated circuits on the development of human civilization. This influence is comparable to the influence of language, text, paper, and printing on the development of human civilization. The integration effect of the platform's normalized knowledge achievement and knowledge behavior. Therefore, people should re-understand semiconductor integrated circuits from the perspective of knowledge platforms.
1 Basic concepts of knowledge platform
Humans have no genetic traits of knowledge. The knowledge achievements created by people today are all re-creation based on the knowledge achievements of predecessors. When talking about their scientific achievements, some great scientists will humbly call themselves standing on the shoulders of giants. The shoulders of giants is a primitive concept of knowledge platform. However, this original knowledge platform is only the open knowledge achievements of some predecessors, and only experts and scholars can use it. For example, when people want to add the calendar clock function in a product system, they must understand the calendar clock knowledge principle, circuit structure and circuit design method, and design the calendar clock unit circuit on this basis.
Imagine that if human knowledge results can be inherited through an external carrier, people can realize the application of knowledge results without understanding the content of the knowledge results. This carrier is the knowledge platform. The genetic characteristics of the knowledge achievements of the knowledge platform enable humans to continuously discard the original knowledge achievements and realize the fool application of the knowledge achievements. Semiconductor integrated circuits are such a knowledge platform. For example, with the calendar clock chip, people do not need to understand the knowledge principle, circuit structure of the calendar clock, and do not need to design the calendar clock circuit when adding the calendar clock function in a product system. They only need to purchase the calendar clock chip to connect to the product system. In the 1960s, the 16-bit analog-to-digital conversion circuit was a national scientific research topic. Now any electronic system engineer can easily buy such an analog-to-digital conversion integrated circuit. Knowing its input / output characteristics can achieve 16-bit analog-to-digital conversion in the system circuit.
2 The technical foundation of the integrated circuit knowledge platform
Integrated circuits are one of the greatest inventions of mankind in the 20th century and won two Nobel Prizes in Physics: semiconductor transistors that won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1956 and integrated circuits that won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2000. Paper can accumulate and inherit human knowledge achievements, but it has no knowledge behavior ability, and must rely on experts and scholars to realize the application of knowledge achievements. Semiconductor integrated circuits not only integrate human knowledge achievements, but also realize the application of knowledge achievements, and have the ability of knowledge behavior. E.g,
The analog-to-digital converters in the literature can have detailed analog-to-digital conversion principles, analog-to-digital conversion circuit structures, and circuit design and production methods, but they do not have analog-to-digital conversion capabilities; analog-to-digital conversion integrated circuits not only contain conversion principles, circuit structures, and circuit designs The production method also has the knowledge behavior ability of analog-to-digital conversion. The knowledge achievements and knowledge behavior capabilities in integrated circuits will continue to accumulate and superimpose, forming the genetic traits of knowledge achievements in integrated circuits.
In semiconductor integrated circuits, the technical basis of the genetic traits of knowledge achievements is normalized space-time quantization. The normalized space quantum is the transistor particles in the "0" and "1" switching states; the normalized time quantum is the timing state in the semiconductor circuit, including the inversion timing of the transistor, the pulse timing of the digital circuit, and microprocessing Instruction timing in the device.
The normalized spatial quantum carrier can store the human knowledge results in the form of digital files, and can convert the circuit knowledge results into normalized devices; the normalized time quantum process gives the integrated circuit knowledge behavior ability. Integrated circuits are based on the normalized application characteristics of external electrical characteristics, making integrated circuits have building block characteristics. In the continuous evolution of integrated circuits, huge product systems can be built in a fool-like way. At present, this normalized application feature penetrates into the design of integrated circuits, forming a building block design method based on IP cores.
3 Basic characteristics of the knowledge platform
Knowledge platform is the materialized form of human knowledge achievement, which integrates human knowledge achievement and knowledge behavior. The basic characteristics of the knowledge platform are heredity, normalization, behavior, separation, black box, black hole, commercial, fool, and fan-out.
(1) Heredity
Heredity refers to the knowledge achievements and knowledge behaviors implied in integrated circuits, which can be retained intact in the next generation of integrated circuits and continue to play a role. For example, pulse counters have digital logic gate circuits and logic processing capabilities of gate circuits; timers and calendar clock chips inherit the knowledge and behavior of pulse counters; many SoC product systems have ready-made calendar clock cores. From the logic gate circuit, pulse counter, timer, calendar clock chip to the calendar clock function setting in the SoC product system, it clearly shows the genetic characteristics of the integrated circuit. This genetic trait determines that humans can use the knowledge of predecessors in a fool-proof manner. So far, all semiconductor integrated circuits have retained transistor particles and static and dynamic genetic factors of "0" and "1". When genetic variation occurs, the granular material of the transistor will change, and the static and dynamic genetic factors in the "0" and "1" states will not change.
(2) Normalization
Normalization means that the knowledge integration in all integrated circuits is a normalized digital integration based on the same dielectric material, the same structure, the same process and the same package. No other kind of human tool can achieve such normalized knowledge integration. It is also a weighing scale. The spring scale made in accordance with Hooke's law has nothing in common with the lever scale made with the principle of lever.
(3) Behavioral
Behavioral refers to the ability of integrated circuits to have knowledge and behavior. The pulse counter can automatically complete the pulse counting behavior; the analog-to-digital converter can automatically convert the analog signal into a digital signal. Other tools of human beings, except automatic tools such as music boxes and self-bells, have no knowledge and behavior. The weighing behavior of the pole scale must be realized by the user; the electronic scale can achieve automatic weighing behavior because its core unit is a semiconductor integrated circuit.
(4) Black box
Black box refers to the shielding effect of knowledge achievements in integrated circuits. People cannot pry into the knowledge achievements in integrated circuits, and knowledge achievements cannot be transferred to users. All integrated circuits have the same or similar appearance, and people can only recognize different integrated circuits from the chip identification. On the contrary, in traditional tools, people can distinguish different tools from their appearance, and can discern the knowledge achievements integrated in the tools. For example, people can distinguish pole scales from spring scales in appearance, and they can also see that their knowledge principles are the principle of leverage and Hooke's law respectively.
(5) Separation
Separation refers to the complete separation of integrated circuit design and integrated circuit application. They embody the complete separation of knowledge innovation and application of innovative knowledge. This complete separation is reflected in the complete separation of personnel and industry. Personnel and manufacturers engaged in the semiconductor industry are not engaged in semiconductor applications, and those engaged in semiconductor applications are not engaged in the development of semiconductor devices. Even if some manufacturers engaged in semiconductor applications switch to semiconductor device development, then they will inevitably give up semiconductor device applications. This is related to the sectoral industrial structure of the IT industry.
(6) Black hole
Black hole refers to the infinite expansion of knowledge achievements in integrated circuits. With the continuous improvement of integration, the knowledge and achievements in integrated circuits are constantly enriched. The early analog-to-digital converter can only complete the conversion from analog signal to digital signal. Later, it continuously integrated the knowledge achievements of analog signal polarity discrimination, controllable gain amplification, signal filtering, etc., forming a black hole effect of knowledge. Due to the black hole nature of integrated circuits, the task of updating and replacing IT products will inevitably be transferred to the IC industry sector. For example, the replacement of VCD / DVD products has nothing to do with VCD / DVD player manufacturers, but must rely on semiconductor manufacturers.
(7) Commodity
Commodity means that the integrated circuit is a materialized form of commercialized knowledge achievement. Previously, human knowledge achievements were expressed in written description. In order to ensure the interests of the creators of knowledge achievements, the knowledge achievements described in words shall be applied for patents, seeking protection under the patent law. When integrated circuits directly materialize knowledge achievements into commodities, the share of knowledge achievement benefits is allocated to the cost of commodities. This can ensure the benefits of knowledge achievements without applying for patents. Due to the black box nature of integrated circuits, semiconductor manufacturers have no knowledge transfer after the sale of integrated circuits. The complete technical solutions provided to customers are nothing but the after-sales service content of knowledge goods.
(8) Foolishness
Foolishness refers to the application of knowledge results without having to understand the principles of knowledge in integrated circuits. When people use the knowledge achievements in books and patents, there must be a process of learning, digesting, absorbing and making. For example, when a calendar clock is added to the system circuit by the method of purchasing a patent, the principle and manufacturing method of the calendar clock should be clarified, and the corresponding circuit should be designed. With the integrated circuit of the calendar clock, you only need to buy the calendar clock chip, and you can implement the fool application according to the manufacturer's manual.
(9) Fan-out
Fanout refers to the fact that once a knowledge result is converted into an integrated circuit, it can be quickly used by everyone. This is the integrated effect of integrated circuit black box, fool, and commerciality. The black box effectively realizes the protection of knowledge achievements, bypasses the patented approach, and quickly realizes the application of knowledge achievements; the foolness ensures that the application of knowledge achievements can be spread to all people; as a general commodity, integrated circuits can Circulate rapidly around the world. The application of knowledge results is no longer exclusive to experts, engineers, and technical personnel. In theory, as long as there is a team in the world that creates a knowledge achievement and converts it into an integrated circuit, it can be used for global applications.
Although these characteristics are extracted from semiconductor integrated circuits, these characteristics are not only reflected in semiconductor integrated circuits, but also ubiquitous in computer software. Integrated circuits and computer software are two typical knowledge platforms. The materialization methods of knowledge achievements are different, and the basic characteristics are exactly the same.
4 Analyze the IT industry phenomenon from the perspective of knowledge platform
After the birth of the knowledge platform, the original capital economy has undergone fundamental changes. These fundamental changes first appeared in the IT industry. With the overall expansion of the IT industry, these changes will extend to the entire social and economic field, and people will enter the era of knowledge economy from the era of capital economy.
(1) Industrial division of labor in the IT industry
Due to the separation of knowledge platforms, knowledge innovation and innovative knowledge applications are completely separated, and the commercialization of knowledge platforms has found the best way for knowledge innovation. To this end, knowledge innovators no longer engage in the direct application of knowledge achievements, but transform into knowledge platform commodities; knowledge achievement innovators do not engage in knowledge innovation, but realize the final application of knowledge achievements on the basis of knowledge platforms. As a result, two major industries emerged in the IT industry in the era of knowledge economy, namely, the social division of labor between the knowledge platform industry and the knowledge platform application industry.
(2) Sector structure of IT industry
In the era of capital economy, integrated closed enterprises are prevalent in the electronic technology industry. Every enterprise in the industry has a product R & D team from knowledge innovation to the application of innovative knowledge. The innovation knowledge achievements of each enterprise are only applied to the products of the enterprise, and all enterprises are doing a lot of repetitive work. However, when integrated circuits developed to product knowledge platforms, product division in the industry began to appear. Semiconductor manufacturers engage in knowledge innovation, and transform the results of innovative knowledge into SoC or integrated circuit kits (product knowledge platform); complete machine manufacturers purchase SoC or integrated circuit kits, and realize the production of final products based on the complete set of technical solutions provided by semiconductor manufacturers . A manufacturer's product knowledge platform can be used by many manufacturers, forming a fan-shaped industrial structure in the industry. This is true of the early PC industry and VCD industry, and today's mobile phone industry will follow suit.
(3) Game rules of the sector industry
Due to the black box nature and black hole nature of the knowledge platform, in the fan-shaped industrial chain, the semiconductor manufacturers that occupy the fan end are in a technological monopoly and control position. All enterprises in the industrial structure share a big profit cake and are divided according to the proportion of investment in knowledge achievements. The final product manufacturers at the edge of the sector, because of the low investment in knowledge and achievements, face the market competition of consumer products directly, and the living environment is the worst. Therefore, "striving for the upper reaches", "not doing the next home", and "reserving profit space" for the next home are the basic rules of the game in the fan-shaped industrial ecosystem.
(4) Shanzhai gene of fan industry
The separation, black box, and black hole of the knowledge platform have formed the knock-off genes in the fan-shaped industrial ecosystem. When the technical achievements of a product reach a mature stage, it is inevitable to seek the maximum system integration of software and hardware in the product. The product platform after system integration is only one step away from the final product. Any manufacturer can realize the fool or assembly production of the final product on the basis of the product platform. Knowledge platform's commodity characteristics and copycat genes have formed the globalization trend of IT industry. Any advanced economy will stick to the knowledge platform industry and transfer the final knowledge platform application industry to the third world or backward areas. Seek the lowest manufacturing cost.
Conclusion
Humans have no genetic traits of knowledge and knowledge behavior. After the emergence of language, human knowledge can rely on verbal inheritance of language; after the invention of text and paper, human knowledge is inherited and accumulated by means of external dictionary books; after the advent of semiconductor integrated circuits, external inheritance and accumulation of knowledge and knowledge behavior are realized . The integration of normalized knowledge and knowledge behavior of semiconductor integrated circuits is a typical genetic phenomenon of knowledge and knowledge behavior, which is called knowledge platform. Understanding the basic characteristics of the knowledge platform helps to analyze many social phenomena, economic phenomena, and industrial phenomena in the era of knowledge economy.
Rectifier Diode A semiconductor device used to convert alternating current into direct current. The most important characteristic of a diode is its unidirectional conductivity. In the circuit, current can only flow from the positive pole of the diode and the negative pole flows out. Usually it contains a PN junction with two terminals, positive and negative. Its structure is shown in the figure. The carriers in the P region are holes, and the carriers in the N region are electrons, forming a certain barrier in the P region and the N region. When the applied voltage makes the P region positive with respect to the N region, the barrier is lowered, and the storage carriers are generated near the two sides of the barrier, which can pass a large current and have a low voltage drop (typically 0.7V), which is called positive. Wizard status. If the opposite voltage is applied, the barrier is increased to withstand a high reverse voltage, and a small reverse current (called reverse leakage current) is called a reverse blocking state. The rectifier diode has significant unidirectional conductivity. The rectifier diode can be fabricated from materials such as semiconductor germanium or silicon. The silicon rectifier diode has a high breakdown voltage, a small reverse leakage current, and good high temperature performance. Usually high-voltage and high-power rectifier diodes are made of high-purity single crystal silicon (it is easy to reverse breakdown when doping more). This device has a large junction area and can pass a large current (up to thousands of amps), but the operating frequency is not high, generally below several tens of kilohertz. Rectifier diodes are mainly used in various low-frequency half-wave rectification circuits. If full-wave rectification is required, they must be connected to a Rectifier Bridge.
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